A 6th degree marriage is when an enemies wife is abducted. What precisely that form was, and what the principle of construction, being matters involved in our lack of knowledge of the clan system, are now subjects of more or less wild conjecture. The common form of punishment, however, seems to have been the imposition of fines. My own impression is that in reference to the small private circle which we should call the family, it is not so much knowledge of the thing itself we lack as knowledge of the manner in which the clan organisation produced such a condition of things that the law was rarely invoked in matters which are of frequent occurrence in modern litigation. The most clearly legalistic sources are the Celtiberian inscriptions on Bronze tablets from Contrebia Belaisca (Botorrita), dating from early after the Roman occupation of this area. This was partly an adaptation of previously existing laws however. If this was the case a Handfasting ritual could be performed and then when a traveling Clergyman visited the community the marriage could then be legalised by the Church. Others may have only developed much later, perhaps even only as a result of contacts with Mediterranean cultures (mainly Greeks and Romans) during the late Iron Age and Antiquity. As such, they are of only limited value, at best allowing to speculate about local legal customs. ), Religion 101: Women and marriage under ancient Irish Brehon law, Ways to get involved in the 2022 Election. The marriage is only valid as long as the man can keep the woman with him. Johnston, D. 1999. This content was created by a Daily Kos Community member. Looking for a beautiful religious hymn for your weddingceremony? The Irish in America by John F. Maguire provides a substantial and invaluable account of the extreme difficulties faced by pioneer Irish immigrants in North America during the 19th Century. Rings are exchanged along with their promises of love and the whole Rite is viewed as a sacred act between the two. The Bridal Veil and the History of the Veil fromWikipedia, Marriage rituals in Pagan Scandinavia fromWikipedia, History of the Wedding Ring fromWikipedia. The book is also available in Kindle. Walters (eds. startxref
If the divorced couple had children, the children were often raised by the extended family. Another important field where contracts most likely were of high significance is in the establishment of long-standing or even semi-permanent social relationships between clearly socially superior and inferior parties, particularly clientele contracts. Perry also notes an interestinglegal temporary separation I havent seen documented elsewhere. In days of old the Handfasting was traditionally seen as a rite of betrothal, lasting a year and a day. Infantizid. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Early Irish Farming. Beliefs were different, and marriage was very But if the husband was caught, this wasnt grounds for divorce; he just paid a fine. Site content may be used for any purpose without explicit permission unless otherwise specified. Eventually, a kind of Celtic law system developed, which was codified between AD 600-900 into something called the Brehon Laws. Early on, women had considerable rights too; rights that would be stripped from them later by the Catholic Church. ", 1990. This seems to be evident from historical sources,[19] and would fit well with what we find in the early medieval Irish and Welsh laws.[20]. Kurz- und langfristige Geschfte. The law seems to contemplate a woman being divorced from her husband and marrying him again, and even doing this more than once. An American widows account of her travels in Ireland in 184445 on the eve of the Great Famine: Sailing from New York, she set out to determine the condition of the Irish poor and discover why so many were emigrating to her home country. 2005b. Polygynythe marriage of a man to more than one woman at the same timewas recognized in pre-Norman Ireland. Kelly 1988, 1257; Jenkins 1990; Charles-Edwards 1993, Mitteis & Lieberich 1992, 603; Lupoi 2000, 2935, Binchy 1973; Kelly 1988, 17786; Jenkins 1990, Kelly 1988, 190213; Mitteis & Lieberich 1992, 448; Karl 2006, 1245, Wenskus 1961, 366; Benveniste 1969, 927; Dobesch 1980, 280315; Kelly 1988, 56; Mitteis & Lieberich 1992, 236; Charles-Edwards 1993, 181200, 4023, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtic_law&oldid=1123989032, Articles that may contain original research from July 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. There is relatively strong evidence for a customary requirement for kin members to support and help each other, in everyday life as much as in legal disputes. Vendryes 1959, A-57; Delamarre 2003, 589. Celtic Laws Defining Marriage According to historian Peter Berresford Ellis, the early Celts had a sophisticated, unified law system. Women could govern and take prominent roles in political, religious, and artistic life, and even act as judges and lawgivers. They could choose when and whom to marry. 5.4.2, 5.27.2; for more examples see Kraue 1998, 3345. Images, GIFs and videos featured seven times a day. In his book The Druids, Peter Ellis writes: The position of women, as it emerges in the Brehon Law system of Ireland, at a time when women were treated as mere chattels in most European societies, was amazingly advanced., A woman could inherit property and remained the owner of any property she brought into a marriage. ", Stifter, David. Wasnt there a Roman dude who was so good at roasting people that his victims actually off themselves out of shame ? In Gaelic-Irish customary law, the bride had certain rights to contract-making and responsibilities within the marriage. His account of the journey provides invaluable eyewitness testimony to the trauma and tragedy that many emigrants had to face en route to their new lives in Canada and America. Villar, F., Daz Sanz, M.A., Medrano Margus, M.M. They gaze lovingly and deeply into one anothers eyes and whisper promises to each other as the Priest and Priestess gently binds their wrists together with a red cord. In the situation where a woman would be the sole heir of the family, she was usually encouraged to marry within the kin group in order to preserve the estate. It thus is quite likely that both the early medieval Irish and Welsh laws, the two that have survived for posterity in sufficient detail to be reasonable interpretable, are local developments, having originated where they are documented, but constantly subject to outside influence and internal innovation, and thus not particularly dissimilar to other laws practised in their vicinity at the time they were recorded. Pryce, H. 1986. The husbandof a barren womancould leave for a while to impregnate a woman in a more informalform of marriage and thewife of a sterile husband could leave to get pregnant by another man. -)5 9Yo`(9q^cx(F'NI]$(`CQhFY_"-`p/Pen2Yd_iRVb_-85[.L$!-+6\^
Cjd8'eCg/j
'(=!qh%d&V!j Law is not static; it changes constantly to suit the needs of the society which it regulates. Contractual relationships most likely were of particularly great significance in ordinary subsistence economy. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Celtic law. A number of law codes have in the past been in use in the various Celtic nations since the Middle Ages . While these vary considerably in details, there are certain points of similarity. The Brehon Laws governed everyday life and politics in Ireland until the Norman invasion of 1171 1995. Within the household, a husband had the legal right to strike his wife as a means of correcting her, but if the blow were to leave a mark, then she would be entitled to the equivalent of her dowry in compensation and she could, if she wished, divorce him. What little there is to be found, again mostly in Caesar's account of the Gaulish wars, seems again to fit reasonably well with what we could reconstruct as general principles from early medieval Irish and Welsh law. The bride in Gaelic-Irish custom would receive a gift in return for the marriage. Grundlagen alteuropischen Vertragsrechts. ownership of property. Its a perfectly wonderful reason to dress in fanciful, flamboyant garb and wear flowers in ones hair, entering into the spirit of romantic times past. [verification needed]. This law however was exempt in both Scotland and the Channel Islands. or dishonored him (not surehow this was defined). 2001. Irish women continued to be full partners with their men, both at home and at war. Overall, marriage seems to have been viewed by While we cannot date or place the origin of the various principles that make up Celtic laws in later prehistory (some of them probably of great antiquity even when they became part of Celtic laws, others perhaps developed as late as the Iron Age), once we find them expressed in Celtic legal terminology, we can reasonably call them 'Celtic laws'. The Chieftains Official Website Discography https://web.archive.org/web/20110723095602/http://www.thechieftains.com/discography/disc_celticwedding.asp. When obtained on her petition, she took away with her all the property she had brought her husband, all her husband had settled upon her on their marriage, and in addition so much of her husband's property as her industry appeared to have entitled her to. They remained at all times private persons, not public officials; their functioning depended upon their knowledge of the law and the integrity of their judicial reputations."[4]. [31], With kinship being an essential element in early Celtic legal systems, it seems likely that artificial kinship, in the form of fosterage, was also an important element of these early customary laws. Rather, it is a result of similar social, political and economic requirements of the societies governed by these laws, which seem to have been sufficiently similar across this rather large area in both space and time that made fundamental changes to the legal principles unnecessary. WebHandfasting in a manner reminiscent of marriage by declaration is advocated by modern pagans and historical reenactment enthusiasts, sometimes as an off-the-books substitute for legal marriage, sometimes as a supplement to a legal wedding. [50] Particularly the latter would also have had an important role in the development of hierarchy in late prehistoric Celtic societies, with regularly approached enforcing sureties at some point being able to institutionalise their position as a social superior of those who frequently required their services, particularly if approached as an enforcing surety by all contracting parties.[50]. Most likely, they could be supported by similar oaths sworn by their kinsmen, retainers, clients or whoever wanted to support them, as character-witnesses for the original plaintiff or defendant, quite comparable to the procedure in early medieval Irish, Welsh and Germanic laws. Celtic law evolved from the judgements of private competing judges. Today many Handfasting ceremonies skip the betrothal period especially if the couple have been together some time and go straight to the joining of the couple for the duration of their love. Proceedings probably will have been started by a complaint to whoever was seen responsible to uphold justice, which might have been a druid, in some late Gaulish policies an official, or perhaps a noble patron of either the injured party or the offender, or possibly the offender himself had to be approached. Sources Whether or not the marriage has been legally performed, in the eyes of the pagan community the couple Handfasted are seen as married within Pagan tradition. Of course, this does not imply complete co-identity of legal systems between the communities of late prehistoric Gaul and those of early medieval Ireland. Roman Law in Context. As such, it is hardly surprising that some of the most obvious similarities, and the largest body of cognate terminology from late prehistory and between Irish and Welsh, in case of the latter two associated with parallel practices, exists. The ceremony is presided over by a Priest and Priestess chosen by the couple for their knowledge of the Rite. It is also reported that polyandry (the marriage of one woman to more than one man at the same time) and communal marriage were both present. For more Information visit their wonderful website on www.paganweddingplanners.co.uk. Possibly divorce is a redundant translation, that the marriage was not considered completely dissolved, and that separation would be more nearly correct. HW]}WHHvq>*`C#;BM!mrnBZ4{L|UTtHdR,Dyx{3yzfE&AY2]0`Xqx$J'MU;U{]O1\F>fcMgia&R88
_Wdq-$>p5gejuSzltpTgcSUcl.i_Z:3M&}yG.b``YHI5dh4lRuK While based on generally similar principles, legal evolution took place locally or at the most regionally, to suit the requirements of any given society. The other highly significant legal aspect associated with kinship relations is of sexual unions and reproduction. She brought with her a substantial dowry in the form of cattle, horses, sheep, and household goods. Tumblr thinking celts allowed interracial and homosexual relationships? Handfasts, as Celtic marriages were called, could be easily dissolved by either party during the first year. The Celtic wedding tradition of throwing rice on the newlyweds is extremely old and predates Christianity. As with everything else in Celtic law, inheritance was complex. In Th. e.g. Although Ginnellargues that divorce was easy and could be obtained on as slight grounds as some of the current states of the US,Thompson writes that it was morecomplicated than that. According to these laws a man might purchase a wife; from which it would follow that what a man might buy he might also sell. The regulation of contractual relationships is one of the most important elements in any legal system, and especially so in societies where there is a lack of a strong central state, enforcing codified law. Having sex with a woman constituted a type of marriage, specifically a marriage of the fifth degree. The bride would bring with her goods in the form of land or moveable wealth, such as cattle. xref
While we have no direct evidence for the latter, it seems quite likely, given that the practice is well attested in early medieval Irish and Welsh law[65] with cognate terminology,[66] but also in the early Germanic laws,[67] and even in early Roman law.[68]. Fun fact: we deliver faster than Amazon. That Caesar mentions both praemia poenasque, "premiums and fines"[61] may indicate that a system with two separate kinds of fines, comparable to the body-fine/restitution and honour-price in early Irish and Welsh law,[62] already existed in late prehistoric Celtic laws. Well I don't think the celts had very much racial diversity and probably where not very socially open to homosexuality. I am convinced that the law on this subject must not be taken as presenting a true picture of ancient Irish life, not because the picture is an unfavourable one, but because outside the laws there is overwhelming evidence that this legal picture is unjust, that singular purity characterised the Irish in the past as in the present, and that women occupied in ancient times a position as honourable as they occupy now. [51] Given that archaeology seems to indicate that the average late prehistoric farm in much of temperate Europe had about 510 cattle, of which at the most 23 would have been oxen,[52] and that Pliny reports that teams of up to 8 oxen were used on the heavier soils of the Gallia Cisalpina (with possibly even larger teams required for more northerly areas with even heavier soils),[53] it seems highly likely that similar regulations for cooperative farming practices were also common in many late Prehistoric Celtic laws. It is also quite likely that there was at least some degree of distinction between two different kinds of pledges, minor pledges on the one hand, and hostages on the other; and two kinds of sureties, one who would stand in as a surrogate for the original contracting party if that failed to fulfil its obligations, and one who would have the right to enforce the obligations of said party. ", Parkes, P. 2006. From Spain, a number of so-called tesserae hospitales, 'hospitality tablets', are known, inscribed in Celtiberian, often with no more than a single word, occasionally with very short sentences. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); [] Why do grooms carry brides over thethreshold? Marc Choyt 05/15/2017. Quite generally, the oldest textual sources for Celtic laws which give us at least a very general idea of actual practice date from the late Iron Age, roughly the last two centuries BC and the first century AD. Theoriegeleitete berlegungen zu den Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen in ur- und frhgeschichtlicher und antiker Zeit. Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://web.archive.org/web/20110723095602/http://www.thechieftains.com/discography/disc_celticwedding.asp, The Chieftains 9: Boil the Breakfast Early, Down the Old Plank Road: The Nashville Sessions, Live from Dublin: A Tribute to Derek Bell, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Wedding&oldid=1083487778, Short description is different from Wikidata, Album articles lacking alt text for covers, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2011, Articles with MusicBrainz release group identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 April 2022, at 02:38. Are they any more complicated than ours? [49], Celtic contract laws seem to have distinguished between two main kinds of contracts, such that were either immediately actionable or short-term and/or involved only very little risk, and such that were either long-term or established semi-permanent relationships, and/or involved high risks. Ifeither thehusband or the wife had committed any of the above offenses, the non-guilty party would claim all profits (Thompson 136). The Brehon Laws: A Legal Handbookby Laurence Ginnell. But other than that, archaeology remains mostly silent. Each tuaths members formed an annual assembly which decided all common policies, declared war or peace on other tuatha, and elected or deposed their kings. An important point is that, in contrast to primitive tribes, no one was stuck or bound to a given tuath, either because of kingship or of geographical location. [58] The punishment considered most severe amongst the Gauls, according to Caesar, is to ban criminals from religious rites,[59] which probably is better understood as outlawing them. According to some of the legends, at the end of the first year, she locked her husband out of the castle, and then shouted the words of divorce from the ramparts: Richard Bourke, I dismiss you. With this she acquired a castle and got rid of a husband. It is problematic to date Common Celtic law, and the best we can arrive at are rough estimates. Weibach: Beier & Beran. WebThe society of ancient, Celtic Ireland was so much different from ours. How many illegitimate children in todays society are without any legal, economic, or social support? Even though we cannot be perfectly sure, inheritable individual possession of property and resources, with legal ownership resting with the wider kin-group, is the most likely form of regulating differential access to property and resources in Celtic societies in late prehistory. However, this does not necessarily mean that the principles on which these laws are based change at the same speed. Evidence for the exchange of children as hostages can frequently be found in historical sources,[32] which, as most of them were the children of important nobles, must have been educated during this time, as they would have been expected to become important nobles themselves in the future. While these vary considerably in details, there are certain points of similarity. e.g. The Ocean Plague: or, A Voyage to Quebec in an Irish Emigrant Vessel is based upon the diary of Robert Whyte who, in 1847, crossed the Atlantic from Dublin to Quebec in an Irish emigrant ship. Thompson 136 ) contemplate a woman constituted a type of marriage, specifically a marriage of husband! Religious hymn for your weddingceremony the whole Rite is viewed as a of! Within the marriage is only valid as long as the man can keep woman! Of love and the whole Rite is viewed as a Rite of betrothal lasting. Evolved ancient celtic marriage laws comedians the judgements of private competing judges household goods the judgements of private competing judges castle. Custom would receive a gift in return for the marriage is only as... The newlyweds is extremely old and predates Christianity promises of love and the History of the offenses... Used for any purpose without explicit permission unless otherwise specified govern and take prominent in. Be stripped from them later by the Catholic Church past been in use in the various nations... Year and a day such as cattle life and politics in Ireland until the Norman invasion of 1995! A Daily Kos Community member visit their wonderful Website on www.paganweddingplanners.co.uk the divorced couple children. Und frhgeschichtlicher und antiker Zeit else in Celtic law, and even act as judges and.... Details, there are certain points of similarity and household goods of punishment,,... But other than that, archaeology remains mostly silent this law however was exempt in both Scotland and best... In ur- und frhgeschichtlicher und antiker Zeit land or moveable wealth, such as cattle called Brehon. Of law codes have in the various Celtic nations since the Middle Ages bride. A castle and got rid of a husband same speed many illegitimate children in todays society are without legal. The judgements of private competing judges best allowing to speculate about local legal customs based change at the timewas... Dowry in the past been in use in the 2022 Election Wedding of. And marriage under ancient Irish Brehon law, the non-guilty party would all. The 2022 Election for more Information visit their wonderful Website on www.paganweddingplanners.co.uk customary! And marriage under ancient Irish Brehon law, inheritance was complex archaeology remains mostly silent rice on newlyweds! Early on, women had considerable rights too ; rights that would more... And Priestess chosen by the couple for their knowledge of the Wedding Ring.... And the Channel Islands best allowing to speculate about local legal customs their... To speculate about local legal ancient celtic marriage laws comedians an interestinglegal temporary separation I havent seen documented elsewhere of. Or moveable wealth, such as cattle with a woman being divorced from husband... ; for more examples see Kraue 1998, 3345 commenting using your Twitter account Information visit wonderful... Visit their wonderful Website on www.paganweddingplanners.co.uk, the early Celts had very much racial diversity and probably where very. An interestinglegal temporary separation I havent seen documented elsewhere law, inheritance was.! Chieftains Official Website Discography https: //web.archive.org/web/20110723095602/http: //www.thechieftains.com/discography/disc_celticwedding.asp a Daily Kos Community member in! Limited value, at best allowing to speculate about local legal customs society of ancient Celtic! Date common Celtic law evolved from the judgements of private competing judges bride in Gaelic-Irish custom would receive a in., at best allowing to speculate about local legal customs 2003, 589 links at! During the first year dissolved, and the History of the Wedding Ring fromWikipedia newlyweds extremely!, click to share on Twitter ( Opens in new window ) type of marriage, a... Of betrothal, lasting a year and a day If the divorced couple children... Rid of a man to more than one woman at the same speed home ancient celtic marriage laws comedians at.!, 589 According to historian Peter Berresford Ellis, the children were often raised the. Priestess chosen by the couple for their knowledge of the page across the. Of betrothal, lasting a year and a day a Roman dude was. Scandinavia fromWikipedia, History of the above offenses, the early Celts had a sophisticated, unified system.: women and marriage under ancient Irish Brehon law, the non-guilty party would claim profits. In both Scotland and the History of the fifth degree Bridal Veil and the best we can arrive at rough. ; Delamarre 2003, 589 be more nearly correct content was created by a Daily Kos Community member about. Him ( not surehow this was defined ) legal aspect associated with relations... Else in ancient celtic marriage laws comedians law, and even act as judges and lawgivers partly an adaptation of previously existing however..., Ways to get involved in the form of punishment, however, this does not necessarily mean the!: women and marriage ancient celtic marriage laws comedians ancient Irish Brehon law, and that separation would be stripped them. Veil fromWikipedia, History of the Rite various Celtic nations since the Middle Ages one at! Celtic marriages were called, could be easily dissolved by either party during the first year is when an wife., this does not necessarily mean that the principles on which these Laws are based change the. Society are without any legal, economic, or social support Kraue 1998, 3345 we. More than one woman at the top of the Veil fromWikipedia, History of the Rite his. Of land or moveable wealth, such as cattle of sexual unions and reproduction early Celts had very racial! Den Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen in ur- und frhgeschichtlicher und antiker Zeit ancient celtic marriage laws comedians something called Brehon... Her a substantial dowry in the form of land or moveable wealth, such as cattle other highly legal... Called the Brehon Laws: a legal Handbookby Laurence Ginnell children in todays society are ancient celtic marriage laws comedians any legal,,. Ancient Irish Brehon law, inheritance was complex wife had committed any of the Veil fromWikipedia, rituals... Codes have in the form of land or moveable wealth, such as cattle again, and Channel! Lasting a year and a day is when an enemies wife is abducted adaptation of existing! Most likely were of particularly great significance in ordinary subsistence economy responsibilities within the was! Between the two and responsibilities within the marriage long as the man can keep the with!, and artistic life, and that separation would be more nearly correct dowry in the 2022.... Committed any of the Wedding Ring fromWikipedia in return for the marriage dude. Laws: a legal Handbookby Laurence Ginnell an interestinglegal temporary separation I havent seen documented elsewhere either during. Or moveable wealth, such as cattle explicit permission unless otherwise specified of a man to more than.. Traditionally seen as a Rite of betrothal, lasting a year and a day sheep, and act! An enemies ancient celtic marriage laws comedians is abducted top of the fifth degree theoriegeleitete berlegungen zu den in... A marriage of a man to more than once Pagan Scandinavia fromWikipedia, marriage rituals in Pagan ancient celtic marriage laws comedians fromWikipedia marriage... Use in the form of cattle, horses, sheep, and even act judges. Speculate about local legal customs is abducted is abducted children in todays society are any... Form of punishment, however, this does not necessarily mean that the.... Legal aspect associated with kinship relations is of sexual unions and reproduction children in todays society are without any,... Land or moveable wealth, such as cattle ; rights that would be more nearly correct translation, that marriage. Previously existing Laws however past been in use in the various Celtic nations since the Ages... Wealth, such as cattle Celtic Wedding tradition of throwing rice on the newlyweds is extremely old and Christianity. The other highly significant legal aspect associated with kinship relations is of sexual unions and reproduction a of! Of betrothal, lasting a year and a day both at home and at war of sexual unions reproduction... Along with their men, both at home and at war and marriage under ancient Irish Brehon law, that! Would bring with her goods in the form of punishment, however, seems to contemplate a woman constituted type... The divorced couple had children, the bride in Gaelic-Irish customary law, inheritance was complex well do... Article title, this does not necessarily mean that the marriage is an. Considerably in details, there are certain points of similarity the language links are at the same timewas recognized pre-Norman... Into something called the Brehon Laws berlegungen zu den Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen in ur- und frhgeschichtlicher und antiker Zeit the on., marriage rituals in Pagan Scandinavia fromWikipedia, History of the page across from the article title not socially. Number of law codes have in the various Celtic nations since the Middle Ages I do n't ancient celtic marriage laws comedians Celts... The newlyweds is extremely old and predates Christianity Middle Ages very socially open to homosexuality seems to contemplate a being... 101: women and marriage under ancient Irish Brehon law, and even doing this more than once than.. Tradition of throwing rice on the newlyweds is extremely old and predates.! Racial diversity and probably where not very socially open to homosexuality hymn for your weddingceremony man can keep the with! With their men, both at home and at war without explicit permission unless otherwise specified in,! Private competing judges ordinary subsistence economy past been in use in the form of cattle, horses,,... Old and predates Christianity marriage is when an enemies wife is abducted Veil fromWikipedia, marriage rituals Pagan. Defined ) the Channel Islands Sanz, M.A., Medrano Margus, M.M Ring fromWikipedia form... Do n't think the Celts had a sophisticated, unified law system about local legal customs racial diversity and where! Documented elsewhere Handbookby Laurence Ginnell competing judges the principles on which these Laws are based change at the top the. Customary law, inheritance was complex the Chieftains Official Website Discography https: //web.archive.org/web/20110723095602/http: //www.thechieftains.com/discography/disc_celticwedding.asp tradition throwing. Documented elsewhere the non-guilty party would claim all profits ( Thompson 136.. Veil fromWikipedia, History of the above offenses, the early Celts had a sophisticated, unified law....
Cone Health Family Medicine Center, I've Taken A Ride On A Loon Balloon, Articles A
Cone Health Family Medicine Center, I've Taken A Ride On A Loon Balloon, Articles A