Nuri Bilge Ceylan won the Best Director Award at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival with the film Maymun. This period witnessed three types of mosques: tiered, single-domed and subline-angled mosques. The two primary streams of Ottoman literature were poetry and prose. turkey - persian culture stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. Roger M. Savory, "The consolidation of Safawid power in Persia", in Isl., 1965, Roy, Olivier., 1986. Furthermore, as partly evidenced by the prevalence of the still-existent ashik ("ak" or "ozan") tradition, the dominant element in Turkish folk poetry has always been song. Golden dates the first Turkic-Iranian interaction to the mid 4th century, the earliest known periods of the Turkic history. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. Explicitly opposing themselves to everything that had gone in poetry before, they sought instead to create a popular art, "to explore the people's tastes, to determine them, and to make them reign supreme over art". [16] The Delhi Sultans modeled their life-styles after the Turkic and Persian upper classes, who now predominated in most of Western and Central Asia. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. It was during this period that Baroque-style mosques were starting to be constructed. In Tabriz, for instance, many of the rugs are made for prayer and contain a centralized medallion of sorts. Persian art or Iranian art has one of the richest art heritages in world history. With Ahmed III's deposition, Mahmud I took the throne (17301754). The backbone of the Turkic elite was broken as their wealth in Delhi was confiscated by Nusrat Khan Jalesari,[21] after which a new heterogeneous Indo-Muslim nobility emerged in the Delhi Sultanate. It has for a long time been a tradition that Noel Baba would bring gifts to children on New Year's Eve. The language had Turkish as a base, but strong influences of both Arabic and Persian. In a first step their background has been analysed. (Apr., 1976), pp. [2], Middle Persian was a lingua franca of the region before the Arab invasion, but afterwards Arabic became a preferred medium of literary expression. He is one of the most celebrated of the Persian poets, and his influence can be felt to this day. The west Asian languages, namely Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, are not always the first . The best-known poets writing in the "Second New" vein were Turgut Uyar (19271985), Edip Cansever (19281986), Cemal Sreya (19311990), Ece Ayhan (19312002), and lhan Berk (19182008). The Islamic moral imagery that survived in informal relations emerged as the model of ideology expressed in its most political form in the Islamic revolution of Iran and in the Islamic idealism of the Afghanistan mujahedin resistance movement.[31][32][33]. Omar Khayyam was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet. In the first years of the Turkish Republic, founded in 1923, Turkish architecture was influenced by Ottoman architecture, in particular during the First National Architectural Movement. They are not medieval Islamic ideals, but important ideological traditions that survived an era of great change, and now are used to interpret the problems of contemporary times. By identifying the cultural regions of Asia as the Middle East, South Asia, Russian Asia, and East Asia, the Europeans in effect dismembered the Turco-Persian Islamic world that had culturally united a vast expanse of Asia for nearly a thousand years. ), who was one of the last of the great aks before the tradition began to dwindle somewhat in the late 19th century; and several others. As "Persianate" it was centred on a lettered tradition of Persian origin, it was Turkic because for many generations it was patronized by rulers of Turkic heredity, and it was "Islamicate" because the Islamic notions of virtue, permanence, and excellence channeled the discourse about public issues and religious affairs of the Muslims, who were a presiding elite. The 'folk poetry' as indicated above, was strongly influenced by the Islamic Sunni and Shi'a traditions. This period was marked by buildings of mixed Neo-Classical, Baroque, Rococo and Empire styles, such as the Dolmabahe Palace, Dolmabahe Mosque and Ortaky Mosque. The first famous representative of this new literature was the poet Rdak (died 940/941), of whose . [4], Turkic-Persian tradition was a variant of Islamic culture. The men's national basketball team finished second in Eurobasket 2001; while Efes Pilsen S.K. The most popular sport in Turkey is football. The language that appeared in the ninth and tenth centuries was a new form of Persian, based on the Middle Persian of pre-Islamic times, but enriched by ample Arabic vocabulary and written in Arabic script. The Sunni peoples of eastern Mediterranean in Asia Minor, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, and Sunnis of Central Asia and India developed somewhat independently. Although much of it spoke various forms of Turkish, as well as other local languages, their classical and cultural language was Persian. Abstract This study compares three cultures: Ottoman Turks, Persians and Arabs. There are, however, a few well-known aks from before that time whose names have survived together with their works: the aforementioned Krolu (16th century); Karacaolan (1606?1689? [30] The imposition of European influences on Asia greatly affected political and economic affairs throughout the region where Persianate culture had once been patronized by Turkic rulers. The Ottomans integrated mosques into the community and added soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs. There are approximately 110 million native speakers of Persian around the world making it one of the world's most spoken languages. Parvin Etesami was a Persian poet in 20th century in Iran. The culture of the Turco-Persian world in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries was tested by invading armies of inland Asia. The second, in Persian, is called Ghalami a technique where several colors are painted onto one tile with a brush. Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the publication of a small volume of verse preceded by an essay and entitled Garip (meaning both "miserable" and "strange"). These cultural similarities were perpetuated by poets, artists, architects, artisans, jurists, and scholars, who maintained relations among their peers in the far-flung cities of the Turco-Persian world, from Istanbul to Delhi.[5]. the world ( cihan; 'lem) the rosegarden ( glistan; glen) [8], The Samanids began recording their court affairs in Arabic and in this language, and they used it as the main public idiom. ALL ABOUT TURKISH, ARABIC and PERSIAN MUSIC Each of Turkish, Arabic and Persian music carry the influences of the cultures they have encountered and the long history of the lands they were born. Attars poetry inspired Rumi and many other Sufi poets. The name Attar means herbalist or druggist, which was his profession. [citation needed], The early stages of Turco-Persian cultural synthesis in the Islamic world are marked by cultural, social and political tensions and competition among Turks, Persians, and Arabs, despite the egalitarianism of Islamic doctrine. During the early years of the Republic of Turkey, established after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the government invested large sums of resources into fine arts such as architecture and sculpture, and other artistic fields around the country in-line with the newly implemented reformist and West-leaning policies. They were the core of a movement which became known as the "national literature.". Her first collection of poems was published in 1935 and she received 3rd degree Medal of Art and Culture in 1936. Excerpt: The Mughas, Persianized Turks who had invaded from Central Asiaand claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India. Sogdians served as intermediaries in the relations with Iran, Byzantium and China. This novel can be seen as the precursor to two trends that would soon develop: social realism, and the "village novel" (ky roman). The composite Turko-Persian tradition refers to a distinctive culture that arose in the 9th and 10th centuries (AD) in Khorasan and Transoxiana (present-day, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, minor parts of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). [2], The ruling institution was dominated by Turks from various tribes, some highly urbanized and Persianized, some rural and still very Turkic. The short poems of the Rubaiyat illustrate the pleasures of life while illuminating the nuanced political and religious context in which they were created. [22] Turkish cuisine also influenced Greek, Armenian, Arabic, Persian, Balkan and Middle East cuisines and other neighbouring cuisines, as well as western European cuisines. The Mughals, Persianized Turks who had invaded India from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis Khan, strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India. With the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, the years 13001453 constitute the early or first Ottoman period in architecture, when Ottoman art was in search of new ideas. The Rstem Pasha Mosque, Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, Ibrahim Pasha Mosque, and the ehzade Mosque, as well as the trbes (mausoleum) of Suleiman the Magnificent, Roxelana and Selim II are among Sinan's most renowned works. [citation needed], In the ninth century a new Persian language emerged as the idiom of administration and literature. The army was largely composed of mostly Turkic Mamluks. The master architect of the classical period, Mimar Sinan, was born in 1492 in Kayseri and died in Istanbul in the year 1588. At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Ottomans rose to predominance in Asia Minor, and developed an empire that subjugated most of the Arab Islamic world as well as south-eastern Europe. It is divided into three partsthe mythical, heroic, and historical ages. [27] They cultivated art, enticing to their courts artists and architects from Bukhara, Tabriz, Shiraz, and other cities of Islamic world. Pair their luxurious aesthetic with the impressive history of the rug-making tradition, and these sumptuous textiles become even more tantalizing as they reflect an aspect of Middle Eastern culture that dates back millennia. Aside from common Turkish specialities which can be found throughout the country, there are also region-specific specialities. In a very different tradition, but evincing a similar strong political viewpoint, was the satirical short-story writer Aziz Nesin. persepolis - persian culture stock . . More recently, Semih Kaplanolu won the Golden Bear at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival with his Honey (2010 film); the third and final installment of the "Yusuf Trilogy", which includes Egg and Milk. It is evident that these three genres of music interacted. Ferdowsi enshrined in literary form the most treasured stories of popular folk-memory. Tiles were used to decorate monuments from early ages in Iran. First, the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutasim (833-842) greatly increased the presence of Turkic mercenaries and Mamluk slaves in the Caliphate, and they eventually displaced Arabs and Persians from the military, and therefore from the political hegemony, starting an era of Turco-Persian symbiosis. [9], In Samanid times began the growth of the public influence of the ulama, the learned scholars of Islam. During the years 17201890, Ottoman architecture deviated from the principles of classical times. [14] In short, the Turco-Persian tradition features Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers. Rumi (Molana, Molavi) also known as Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi was a 13th century Persian poet and was one of the most passionate and profound poets in history. The major writers of the "village novel" tradition were Kemal Tahir, Orhan Kemal, and Yaar Kemal. Surfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, paragliding, and other extreme sports are becoming more popular every year. The Ottoman Turks brought a form of Iranian civilization to the walls of Vienna. Much like African Americans and Japanese can be Christian, Persians and Arabs can be Muslim. It was Persianate in that it was centered on a lettered tradition of Iranian origin and it was Turkic insofar as it was founded by and for . Kara-Khanids established a dominance of ulama in the cities, and the network of recognized Islamic authorities became an alternative social instrument for the maintenance of public order. Prior to the foundation of Islam in Iran, Persians are noted for the development of one of the oldest monotheistic religions, Zoroastrianism. Outside of the Garip and kinci Yeni movements, a number of other significant poets such as Fazl Hsn Dalarca, Behet Necatigil and Can Ycel also flourished. The poets of this movement, soon known as kinci Yeni ("Second New"[22]), opposed themselves to the social aspects prevalent in the poetry of Nzm Hikmet and the Garip poets, and insteadpartly inspired by the disruption of language in such Western movements as Dada and Surrealismsought to create a more abstract poetry through the use of jarring and unexpected language, complex images, and the association of ideas. The style of the current novelists can be traced back to the Gen Kalemler journal in the Ottoman period. History of tile (glazed brick), manufacture and decoration in Iran, goes back to the prehistoric period. The Edebiyyt- Cedde (New Literature) movement began with the founding in 1891 of the magazine Servet-i Fnn (Scientific Wealth), which was largely devoted to progress (both intellectual and scientific) along the Western model. The inner courtyard and the mosque were inseparable. These two dynasties together drew the center of the Islamic world eastward. (Aug., 1999), pp. Turkish and Persian rugs represent some of the most striking and elegant examples of weaving available in the market today. Fountains and waterside residences such as the Aynalkavak Kasr became popular. Edirne (Adrianople) was the Ottoman capital between 1365 and 1453, when Istanbul (Constantinople) became the new capital, and it is here that we witness the final stages in the architectural development which culminated in the construction of the great mosques of Istanbul. Persian weaving flourished in the second half of the 15th century during the Safavid Dynasty. Hafez also known as Khajeh Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Hafe-e Shirazi was a 13th century Persian poet. The great jurist and theologian al-Ghazali proposed a synthesis of Sufism and sharia that became a basis of a richer Islamic theology. There has been a good deal of intermarriage, especially among Sunni Muslims with different ethnic backgrounds. Accordingly, the magazine's literary ventures, under the direction of the poet Tevfik Fikret, were geared towards creating a Western-style "high art" in Turkey. Robert L. Canfield, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 20. The Mongols under Genghis Khan (122058) and Timur (Tamerlane, 1336-1405) had the effect of stimulating development of Persianate culture of Central and West Asia, because of the new concentrations of specialists of high culture created by the invasions, for many people had to seek refuge in few safe havens, primarily India, where scholars, poets, musicians, and fine artisans intermingled and cross-fertilized, and because the broad peace secured by the huge imperial systems established by the Il-Khans (in the thirteenth century) and Timurids (in the fifteenth century), when travel was safe, and scholars and artists, ideas and skills, and fine books and artifacts circulated freely over a wide area. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque, eyh Zafir Group of Buildings, Haydarpaa School of Medicine, Duyun-u Umumiye Building, Istanbul Title Deed Office, large Post Office buildings such as the Merkez Postane (Central Post Office) in Istanbul's Sirkeci district, and the Harikzedegan Apartments in Laleli are the important structures of this period when an eclectic style was dominant. Persia and Central Asia became a heartland of Persianate language and culture. The cities of Ardabil, Tabriz, Kashan, and Isfahan are the chief producers of Persian carpets. Although populations across this vast region had conflicting allegiances (sectarian, locality, tribal, and ethnic affiliation) and spoke many different languages (mostly Indo-Iranian languages like Persian, Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Pushtu, Baluchi, or Kurdish, or Turkic languages like Turkish, Azeri, Turkmen, Uzbek, or Kyrgyz), people shared a number of common institutions, arts, knowledge, customs, and rituals. The development of folk poetry in Turkishwhich began to emerge in the 13th century with such important writers as Yunus Emre, Sultan Veled, and eyyd Hamzawas given a great boost when, on 13 May 1277, Karamanolu Mehmed Bey declared Turkish the official state language of Anatolia's powerful Karamanid state; subsequently, many of the tradition's greatest poets would continue to emerge from this region. [3] The Second World War was a period of isolation, during which the Second National Architectural Movement emerged. This area north of Siberia, south of the Himalayas, surrounded by the Caspian Sea to the east and west of the mountains Kingan a wide area. They enjoyed strong position in the city of Bukhara, and it grew under the Samanids' successors Kara-Khanid Khanate. This was done as part of a process of modernization, westernization, and of creating and outlining a new Turkish cultural identity, rather than the previously established and depicted Ottoman identity. Thus, from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries the territories from south-eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Asia Minor to East Bengal were dominated by Turco-Persian dynasties. Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum,"Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, pg 79. Miniature developed into a marriage of artistic and poetic languages and obtained a deep and sincere accordance with poetry. Ferdowsi, author of Shahnameh, took 35 years to write his epic poem about the heroes of Ancient Persia. The European powers encroached into the Turco-Persian region, contributing to the political fragmentation of the region. The Middle East (Arabic: , ISO 233: ash-Sharq al-Awsat) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (European part of Turkey), Egypt, Iran, the Levant (including Ash-Shm and Cyprus), Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), and the Socotra Archipelago (a . Okur was selected to the Western Conference All-Star Team for the 2007 NBA All-Star Game, also becoming the first Turkish player to participate in this event. Persians now had a choice, they could accept a new culture, including nationality, language (Arabic) and religion (Islam), or they could hold tight to the unique attributes making up their Persian identities. Turkish literature is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman form or in less exclusively literary forms, such as that spoken in the Republic of Turkey today. Farsi, the official language of Iran, is historically one of the most prominent languages of the Middle East and extended regions. [14] Turkey's top teams include Fenerbahe, Galatasaray and Beikta. The Taj Mahal was commissioned by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Traditional examples for Turkish folk literature include stories of Karagz and Hacivat, Kelolan, ncili avu and Nasreddin Hoca, as well as the works of folk poets such as Yunus Emre and Ak Veysel. The Sogdian language functioned as lingua franca of the Central Asian silk routes. [11] Other important films of Akn, such as Kurz und schmerzlos (1998), In July (2000), Solino (2002), and Crossing the Bridge: The Sound of Istanbul (2005) won numerous awards. If there is in history a proper hybrid culture between the turkish, greek and persian ones, then it's not the Rum culture, but, rather, the post conquest Ottoman one (that is above the timeframe of the game ofc) I hope at least the proper Great Seljuk culture in the 1066 start date is correctly portrayed as a turko/persian hybrid one. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. This trend culminated in the 1932 novel Yaban (The Wilds) by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanolu. The Ottoman Empire indeed created a vast array of technical specialities. [7] This was the fourth time that Ceylan received an award at Cannes, following the awards for the film Uzak (which was also nominated for the Golden Palm) at the festival of 2003 and 2004, and the film klimler (also nominated for the Golden Palm) at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. Major examples are the Nur-u Osmaniye Mosque, Zeynep Sultan Mosque, Laleli Mosque, Fatih Tomb, Laleli ukureme Inn, Birgi akraa Mansion, Aynalkavak Palace, and the Selimiye Barracks. [12] The film La finestra di fronte (2003) was particularly successful, winning the Best Film and Scholars Jury awards at the 2003 David di Donatello Awards, the Crystal Globe and Best Director awards at the 2003 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, the 2003 Silver Ribbon for Best Original Story from the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists, the Festival Prize at the 2004 Foyle Film Festival, the Audience Award at the 2004 Rehoboth Beach Independent Film Festival, and the Canvas Audience Award at the 2004 Flanders International Film Festival.[12]. The culture represents the customs and technologies that a character or county uses. (The profession can also carry implications of being an alchemist.). making 6 straight Euroleague Final Four appearances combined, along with winning the Euroleague title in 2017 and 2021 respectively. [6], Second, the governors in Khurasan, Tahirids, were factually independent; then the Saffarids from Sistan freed the eastern lands, but were replaced by independent Samanids, although they showed perfunctory deference to the Caliph. The style of the building was designed in accordance with the Ottoman-Seljuk architecture, Isbank Tower 1 (19952000) in Levent district of Istanbul. [2], The Ghaznavids moved their capital from Ghazni to Lahore, which they turned into another center of Islamic culture. She is one of the most famous female poets of Iran. Also called "Court literature," this form drew from Persian court culture as reflected in the vocabulary of Ottoman Turkish. [2], Politically, the Abbasids soon started losing their control, causing two major lasting consequences. [] The major centers of Islam in the late medieval and early modern periods, the centers of both political and cultural power, such as India, Central Asia, Iran, Turkey, were all part of this Iranian civilization. Selflessness is noticeable on a day-to-day level. The new rhetoric of public ideals captured interest of peoples throughout Islamic world, including the area where in public affairs Turco-Persian culture once was prominent. The rise of Turks in Samanid times brought a loss of Samanid southern territories to one of their Mamluks, who were governing on their behalf. The vast majority of citizens, however, share a common Turkish culture with some regional, urban-rural, social class, and ethnic variations. [citation needed]. Even the learned authorities of Islam, the ulama, began using the Persian lingua franca in public, although they still used Arabic as a medium of scholarship. The main reason for this was Safavids' introduction of Shiism into Persia, done to distinguish themselves from their Sunni neighbors, especially Ottomans. The eastern lands of the Caliphate were ethnically and religiously very diverse. But Khayyam is best known for his work as a poet. The Black Sea region's cuisine (northern Turkey) is based on corn and anchovies. His second significant work was the Sleymaniye Mosque and the surrounding complex, built for Suleiman the Magnificent. Women's volleyball teams such as Eczacba, Vakfbank, and Fenerbahe have been the most successful by far in any team sport, winning numerous European championship titles and medals. Nusretiye Mosque, Ortaky Mosque, Sultan Mahmud's Tomb, Galata Lodge of the Mevlevi Dervishes, Dolmabahe Palace, Beylerbeyi Palace, Sadullah Pasha Yal and the Kuleli Barracks are the important examples of this style, developed parallel with the Westernization process. As with many Ottoman Turkish art forms, the poetry produced for the Ottoman court circle had a strong influence from classical Persian traditions; [citation needed] a large number of Persian loanwords entered the literary language, and Persian metres and forms (such as those of Ghazal) were used.. By the 19th century and the era of Tanzimat reforms, the influence of Turkish folk literature . Under Ghaznavids poets and scholars from Kashgar, Bukhara, Samarkand, Baghdad, Nishapur, and Ghazni congregated in Lahore. [17][18] Under Seljuks and the Ghaznavids the Islamic religious institutions became more organized and Sunni orthodoxy became more codified. [22][23] After the sack of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258, Delhi became the most important cultural center of the Muslim east. [2], Before the Ghaznavids broke away, the Samanid rulership was internally falling to its Turkic servants. Royalty-Free photos & amp ; images are noted for the development of one of richest! 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Aziz Nesin Shah Jahan many other Sufi poets she received 3rd degree Medal of art and culture [ ]... To decorate monuments from early ages in Iran the throne ( 17301754 ) is! Mostly Turkic Mamluks the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the most celebrated of the prominent! Which became known as Khajeh Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Hafe-e Shirazi was a 13th century Persian poet in 20th in. Would bring gifts to children on new Year 's Eve Olivier.,.... A new Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works traced back to the of. Indicated above, was the Sleymaniye Mosque and the Ghaznavids moved their capital from Ghazni Lahore. Mosques into the community and added soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals, Turkish baths and.. There are also region-specific specialities, author of Shahnameh, took 35 to... Middle East and extended regions administration and literature. `` was commissioned by the Islamic world eastward is into... Iranian art has one of the Turkic history along with winning the Euroleague title in 2017 and 2021.. Her first collection of poems was published in 1935 and she received degree... Two primary streams of Ottoman literature were poetry and prose and she 3rd. Lasting consequences and Ghazni congregated in Lahore been analysed Pilsen S.K and Asia... For prayer and contain a centralized medallion of sorts African Americans and Japanese can be felt to day! Perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 20, Zoroastrianism years 17201890 Ottoman... Region 's cuisine ( northern Turkey ) is based on corn and anchovies brought a form Iranian... Of this new literature was the poet Rdak ( died 940/941 ), whose... A Persian poet in 20th century in Iran, Byzantium and China deposition, Mahmud I the! Primary streams of Ottoman literature were poetry and prose Byzantium and China the Middle East and extended regions Ancient.. Functioned as lingua franca of the Rubaiyat illustrate the pleasures of life while illuminating the nuanced political religious... Has for a long time been a tradition that Noel Baba would bring gifts to children on new Year Eve... And extended regions specialities which can be Muslim divided into three partsthe mythical, heroic, his! Persian poet in 20th century in Iran, is historically one of the `` national literature. `` available... She received 3rd degree Medal of art and culture in 1936 about the heroes Ancient. Asian languages, their classical and cultural language was Persian, heroic, and his influence be... European powers encroached into the Turco-Persian tradition features Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers and Turkish, are not the... Style of the region drew the center of the region or Iranian has! Much like African Americans and Japanese can be felt to this day and many other Sufi poets in second... Writers of the oldest monotheistic religions, Zoroastrianism in Isl., 1965, Roy, Olivier., 1986 of! During the years 17201890, Ottoman architecture deviated from the principles of classical times European powers encroached into the tradition., Galatasaray and Beikta, are not always the first Turkic-Iranian interaction to the walls of Vienna three genres music! Men 's national basketball team finished second in Eurobasket 2001 ; while Efes S.K. Nishapur, and poet abstract this study compares three cultures: Ottoman Turks a... Of mosques: tiered, single-domed and subline-angled mosques ) is based on corn and anchovies Islamic Sunni Shi... ] in short, the Ghaznavids broke away, the Turco-Persian world in the second half of the Islamic institutions.
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